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arXiv · 2509.18086

DESI Strong Lens Foundry III: Keck Spectroscopy for Strong Lenses Discovered Using Residual Neural Networks

Shrihan Agarwal·Xiaosheng Huang·William Sheu·Christopher J. Storfer·Marcos Tamargo-Arizmendi·Suchitoto Tabares-Tarquinio·D. J. Schlegel·G. Aldering·A. Bolton·A. Cikota·Arjun Dey·A. Filipp·E. Jullo·K. J. Kwon·S. Perlmutter·Y. Shu·E. Sukay·N. Suzuki·J. Aguilar·S. Ahlen·S. BenZvi·D. Brooks·T. Claybaugh·P. Doel·J. E. Forero-Romero·E. Gaztañaga·S. Gontcho A Gontcho·G. Gutierrez·K. Honscheid·M. Ishak·S. Juneau·R. Kehoe·T. Kisner·S. E. Koposov·A. Lambert·M. Landriau·L. Le Guillou·A. de la Macorra·A. Meisner·R. Miquel·J. Moustakas·A. D. Myers·C. Poppett·F. Prada·I. Pérez-Ràfols·G. Rossi·E. Sanchez·M. Schubnell·D. Sprayberry·G. Tarlé·B. A. Weaver·H. Zou
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Abstract

We present spectroscopic data of strong lenses and their source galaxies using the Keck Near-Infrared Echellette Spectrometer (NIRES) and the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), providing redshifts necessary for nearly all strong-lensing applications with these systems, especially the extraction of physical parameters from lensing modeling. These strong lenses were found in the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys using Residual Neural Networks (ResNet) and followed up by our Hubble Space Telescope program, with all systems displaying unambiguous lensed arcs. With NIRES, we target eight lensed sources at redshifts difficult to measure in the optical range and determine the source redshifts for six, between $z_s$ = 1.675 and 3.332. DESI observed one of the remaining source redshifts, as well as an additional source redshift within the six systems. The two systems with non-detections by NIRES were observed for a considerably shorter 600s at high airmass. Combining NIRES infrared spectroscopy with optical spectroscopy from our DESI Strong Lensing Secondary Target Program, these results provide the complete lens and source redshifts for six systems, a resource for refining automated strong lens searches in future deep- and wide-field imaging surveys and addressing a range of questions in astrophysics and cosmology.

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Shrihan Agarwal, Xiaosheng Huang, William Sheu, Christopher J. Storfer, Marcos Tamargo-Arizmendi, Suchitoto Tabares-Tarquinio, D. J. Schlegel, G. Aldering, A. Bolton, A. Cikota, Arjun Dey, A. Filipp, E. Jullo, K. J. Kwon, S. Perlmutter, Y. Shu, E. Sukay, N. Suzuki, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. BenZvi, D. Brooks, T. Claybaugh, P. Doel, J. E. Forero-Romero, E. Gaztañaga, S. Gontcho A Gontcho, G. Gutierrez, K. Honscheid, M. Ishak, S. Juneau, R. Kehoe, T. Kisner, S. E. Koposov, A. Lambert, M. Landriau, L. Le Guillou, A. de la Macorra, A. Meisner, R. Miquel, J. Moustakas, A. D. Myers, C. Poppett, F. Prada, I. Pérez-Ràfols, G. Rossi, E. Sanchez, M. Schubnell, D. Sprayberry, G. Tarlé, B. A. Weaver, H. Zou. 2026-04-19. DESI Strong Lens Foundry III: Keck Spectroscopy for Strong Lenses Discovered Using Residual Neural Networks. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357%2Fae4a9a

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