A novel filtering method for generating desired density profiles of colliding nuclei

Abstract

Accurate modeling of the density profile is essential for studying heavy-ion collisions (HICs) with a transport model. Within the framework of the quantum molecular dynamics (QMD)-type model, a novel method for generating desired nuclear density distributions based on Fourier series expansion is proposed. This new initialization method is further incorporated into the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics model, and the bubble-like density distribution of $^{96}$Ru is constructed. Then, by simulating $^{96}$Ru+$^{96}$Ru collisions at $E_{\rm lab}=1500$ MeV/nucleon with different equations of state (EoS) and initialization methods, the effects of the initial density distribution on the final state observables and the constrained information of EoS are analyzed. It is found that $^{96}$Ru nuclei with a bubble density profile lead to an increased maximum compression during the collision, which in turn enhances the collective flow. Moreover, a relatively stiff EoS with $K_0>280$ MeV is favored for the conventional Woods-Saxon type density profile, whereas an EoS with $K_0$=200-280 MeV is supported when a bubble-like density profile is employed. These results demonstrate that the initial nuclear density distribution plays a non-negligible role in dynamical observables and EoS constraints. The proposed method thus provides a powerful tool for constructing exotic profiles and investigating nuclear structure effects in HICs.