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arXiv · 2509.20265

Failure Modes of Maximum Entropy RLHF

Ömer Veysel Çağatan·Barış Akgün
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Abstract

In this paper, we show that Simple Preference Optimization (SimPO) can be derived as Maximum Entropy Reinforcement Learning, providing a theoretical foundation for this reference-free method. Motivated by SimPO's strong performance in offline preference optimization, we investigate whether Maximum Entropy RL can achieve similar results in online RLHF settings. Our experiments find that Maximum Entropy RL frequently exhibits overoptimization and unstable KL dynamics across model scales, with overoptimization persisting even at conservative learning rates for some configurations. Unlike KL-constrained methods that maintain stable training, entropy regularization fails to reliably prevent reward hacking and, in our experiments, correlates with the onset of overoptimization rather than guarding against it. Even in configurations where training remains stable, entropy regularization is not the stabilizing factor. Lastly, we discuss possible explanations for why SimPO succeeds in offline settings while Maximum Entropy RL struggles in online scenarios. Our findings suggest that reference-free approaches may face distinct challenges when applied to online versus offline preference learning.

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Ömer Veysel Çağatan, Barış Akgün. 2026-04-29. Failure Modes of Maximum Entropy RLHF. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.20265

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