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arXiv · 2509.22699

Are you sure? Measuring models bias in content moderation through uncertainty

Alessandra Urbinati·Mirko Lai·Simona Frenda·Marco Antonio Stranisci
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Abstract

Automatic content moderation is crucial to ensuring safety in social media. Language Model-based classifiers are being increasingly adopted for this task, but it has been shown that they perpetuate racial and social biases. Even if several resources and benchmark corpora have been developed to challenge this issue, measuring the fairness of models in content moderation remains an open issue. In this work, we present an unsupervised approach that benchmarks models on the basis of their uncertainty in classifying messages annotated by people belonging to vulnerable groups. We use uncertainty, computed by means of the conformal prediction technique, as a proxy to analyze the bias of 11 models against women and non-white annotators and observe to what extent it diverges from metrics based on performance, such as the $F_1$ score. The results show that some pre-trained models predict with high accuracy the labels coming from minority groups, even if the confidence in their prediction is low. Therefore, by measuring the confidence of models, we are able to see which groups of annotators are better represented in pre-trained models and lead the debiasing process of these models before their effective use.

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Alessandra Urbinati, Mirko Lai, Simona Frenda, Marco Antonio Stranisci. 2025-10-28. Are you sure? Measuring models bias in content moderation through uncertainty. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1%2F2025.findings-emnlp.980

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