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arXiv · 2509.23205

Network Inequality through Preferential Attachment, Triadic Closure, and Homophily

Jan Bachmann·Samuel Martin-Gutierrez·Lisette Espín-Noboa·Nicola Cinardi·Fariba Karimi
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Abstract

Inequalities in social networks arise from linking mechanisms, such as preferential attachment (connecting to popular nodes), homophily (connecting to similar others), and triadic closure (connecting through mutual contacts). While preferential attachment mainly drives degree inequality and homophily drives segregation, their three-way interaction remains understudied. This gap limits our understanding of how network inequalities emerge. Here, we introduce PATCH, a network growth model combining the three mechanisms to understand how they create disparities among two groups in synthetic networks. Extensive simulations confirm that homophily and preferential attachment increase segregation and degree inequalities, while triadic closure has countervailing effects: conditional on the other mechanisms, it amplifies population-wide degree inequality while reducing segregation and between-group degree disparities. We demonstrate PATCH's explanatory potential on fifty years of Physics and Computer Science collaboration and citation networks exhibiting persistent gender disparities. PATCH accounts for these gender disparities with the joint presence of preferential attachment, moderate gender homophily, and varying levels of triadic closure. By connecting mechanisms to observed inequalities, PATCH shows how their interplay sustains group disparities and provides a framework for designing interventions that promote more equitable social networks.

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Jan Bachmann, Samuel Martin-Gutierrez, Lisette Espín-Noboa, Nicola Cinardi, Fariba Karimi. 2025-09-27. Network Inequality through Preferential Attachment, Triadic Closure, and Homophily. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-42911-3

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