AlignX: Advancing Multilingual Large Language Models with Multilingual Representation Alignment

Mengyu Bu; Shaolei Zhang; Zhongjun He; Hua Wu; Yang Feng

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arXiv · 2509.24338

AlignX: Advancing Multilingual Large Language Models with Multilingual Representation Alignment

Mengyu Bu·Shaolei Zhang·Zhongjun He·Hua Wu·Yang Feng

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Abstract

Multilingual large language models (LLMs) possess impressive multilingual understanding and generation capabilities. However, their performance and cross-lingual alignment often lag for non-dominant languages. A common solution is to fine-tune LLMs on large-scale and more balanced multilingual corpus, but such approaches often lead to imprecise alignment and suboptimal knowledge transfer, struggling with limited improvements across languages. In this paper, we propose AlignX to bridge the multilingual performance gap, which is a two-stage representation-level framework for enhancing multilingual performance of pre-trained LLMs. In the first stage, we align multilingual representations with multilingual semantic alignment and language feature integration. In the second stage, we stimulate the multilingual capability of LLMs via multilingual instruction fine-tuning. Experimental results on several pre-trained LLMs demonstrate that our approach enhances LLMs' multilingual general and cross-lingual generation capability. Further analysis indicates that AlignX brings the multilingual representations closer and improves the cross-lingual alignment.

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Mengyu Bu, Shaolei Zhang, Zhongjun He, Hua Wu, Yang Feng. 2025-09-29. AlignX: Advancing Multilingual Large Language Models with Multilingual Representation Alignment. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.24338

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