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arXiv · 2510.02432

The Entangling of Supernova Feedback Impacts with Coarsening Simulation Resolution

Eric Zhang·Laura V. Sales·Thales A. Gutcke·Yunwei Deng·Hui Li·Rüdiger Pakmor·Federico Marinacci·Volker Springel·Mark Vogelsberger·Paul Torrey·Boyuan Liu·Rahul Kannan·Aaron Smith·Greg L. Bryan
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Abstract

It is often understood that supernova (SN) feedback in galaxies is responsible for regulating star formation (SF) and generating gaseous outflows. However, a detailed look at the small-scale effects of SNe on the interstellar medium (ISM) in simulations shows that the macroscopic processes of SF suppression and outflow generation proceed in distinct channels. We demonstrate this finding in two independent simulations of isolated dwarf galaxies with very high (m_gas ~ Msun) numerical resolution, LYRA and RIGEL. Our findings suggest that the macroscopic effect of a given SN on the galaxy is best predicted by its local density. Outflows are driven by SNe in diffuse regions expanding to their cooling radii on large (~kpc) scales, while dense SF regions are disrupted in a localized (~pc) manner. However, these separate feedback channels are only distinguishable at very high resolutions capable of following mass scales \lesssim 10^2 \msun. When averaging on coarser scales, ISM densities are greatly mis-estimated, and variations between different SF and SNe-affected regions are severely washed out. It therefore cannot be __self-consistently__ determined, from coarse-resolution information __alone__, (1) whether a SN tends to contribute to outflows or direct SF suppression, and (2) the rate of SF in a given region. In particular, commonly used parameters in coarse-resolution (subgrid) models, such as the SN cooling radius and SF density threshold, may require more detailed treatments informed by high-resolution studies.

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Eric Zhang, Laura V. Sales, Thales A. Gutcke, Yunwei Deng, Hui Li, Rüdiger Pakmor, Federico Marinacci, Volker Springel, Mark Vogelsberger, Paul Torrey, Boyuan Liu, Rahul Kannan, Aaron Smith, Greg L. Bryan. 2026-09-23. The Entangling of Supernova Feedback Impacts with Coarsening Simulation Resolution. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02432

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