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arXiv · 2510.02667

Numerical Radius of Non-Hermitian Random Matrices

Zhigang Bao·Giorgio Cipolloni
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Abstract

For a square matrix, the range of its Rayleigh quotients is known as the numerical range, which is a compact and convex set by the Toeplitz-Hausdorff theorem. The largest value and the smallest boundary value (in magnitude) of this convex set are known as the numerical radius and inner numerical radius respectively. The numerical radius is often used to study the convergence rate of iterative methods for solving linear systems. In this work, we investigate these radii for complex non-Hermitian random matrix and its elliptic variants. For the former, remarkably, these radii can be represented as extrema of a stationary Airy-like process, which undergoes a correlation-decorrelation transition from small to large time scale. Based on this transition, we obtain the precise first and second order terms of the numerical radii. In the elliptic case, we prove that the fluctuation of the numerical radii boils down to the maximum or minimum of two independent Tracy-Widom variables.

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Zhigang Bao, Giorgio Cipolloni. 2025-10-03. Numerical Radius of Non-Hermitian Random Matrices. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.02667

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