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arXiv · 2510.08686

Non-closed scalar charge in four-dimensional Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet black hole thermodynamics

Romina Ballesteros·Marcela Cárdenas·Eric Lescano
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Abstract

We develop a covariant differential-form framework to define scalar charges for stationary, asymptotically flat black holes in $4$--dimensional Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with a general scalar coupling function. Contracting the scalar field equation of motion with the horizon generator $k$ yields a non-closed-form scalar charge, revealing a bulk contribution encoded in a $3$--form, which measures the obstruction to its closedness. In the presence of shift-symmetry, this obstruction vanishes and the $2$--form scalar charge satisfies a Gauss law, depending solely on boundary data. Geometrically, this reproduces known topological results in the shift-symmetric limit. This framework allows us to analyze the role of the non-closed scalar charges in black hole thermodynamics through the Smarr formula for more general couplings and provide a covariant, charge-based interpretation of the spontaneous scalarization mechanism, showing how the behavior of the scalar charge and the bulk term capture the instability of scalar-free black holes and the emergence of scalar hair. Our results offer a unified geometric understanding of the role of scalar charges and the mechanism of spontaneous scalarization in Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity.

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Romina Ballesteros, Marcela Cárdenas, Eric Lescano. 2026-04-17. Non-closed scalar charge in four-dimensional Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet black hole thermodynamics. https://doi.org/10.1103/1hz8-zn5h

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