Monitoring of Fluid Transport in Low Temperature Water Electrolyzers and Fuel Cells: Emerging Technologies and Future Prospects

Zehua Dou; Laura Tropf; Tobias Lappan; Hannes Rox; Xuegeng Yang; Lars Buettner; David Weik; Harry Hoster; Kerstin Eckert; Juergen Czarske

doi:10.1016/j.cej.2026.178919

arXiv · 2510.12542

Monitoring of Fluid Transport in Low Temperature Water Electrolyzers and Fuel Cells: Emerging Technologies and Future Prospects

Zehua Dou·Laura Tropf·Tobias Lappan·Hannes Rox·Xuegeng Yang·Lars Buettner·David Weik·Harry Hoster·Kerstin Eckert·Juergen Czarske

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Abstract

Low temperature water electrolyzers (LTWEs) and low temperature hydrogen fuel cells (LTFCs) present a promising technological strategy for the productions and usages of green hydrogen energy towards a net-zero world. However, the interactions of gas/liquid (fluid) transport and the intrinsic reaction kinetics in LTWEs/LTFCs present one of the key hurdles hindering high production rate and high energy conversion efficiency. Addressing these limitations requires analytical tools that are capable of resolving fluid transport across the heterogeneous, multiscale structures of operating LTWE and LTFC systems. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in measurement technologies for investigating fluid transport. We first outline the technical requirements of such analytical systems, and assess the capabilities and limitations of established optical, X-rays and neutrons based imaging systems. We emphasis on emerging strategies that utilize integrated miniaturized sensors, ultrasound, and other alternative physical principles to achieve operando, high-resolution, and scalable measurements towards applications at device and system levels. Finally, we outline future directions in this highly interdisciplinary field, emphasizing the importance of next-generation sensing concepts to overcome the fluid transport hurdle, towards accelerating the deployment of green hydrogen technologies.

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Zehua Dou, Laura Tropf, Tobias Lappan, Hannes Rox, Xuegeng Yang, Lars Buettner, David Weik, Harry Hoster, Kerstin Eckert, Juergen Czarske. 2025-10-14. Monitoring of Fluid Transport in Low Temperature Water Electrolyzers and Fuel Cells: Emerging Technologies and Future Prospects. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2026.178919

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