Stellar population astrophysics (SPA) with the TNG. The Phosphorus abundance on the young side of MilkyWay

Mingjie Jian; Xiaoting Fu; Valentina D'Orazi; Angela Bragaglia; S. Bijavara Seshashayana; He Zhao; Ziyi Guo; Karin Lind; Noriyuki Matsunaga; Antonino Nunnari; Giuseppe Bono; Nicoletta Sanna; Donatella Romano; Marina Dal Ponte

arXiv · 2510.14791

Stellar population astrophysics (SPA) with the TNG. The Phosphorus abundance on the young side of MilkyWay

Mingjie Jian·Xiaoting Fu·Valentina D'Orazi·Angela Bragaglia·S. Bijavara Seshashayana·He Zhao·Ziyi Guo·Karin Lind·Noriyuki Matsunaga·Antonino Nunnari·Giuseppe Bono·Nicoletta Sanna·Donatella Romano·Marina Dal Ponte

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Abstract

We present phosphorus abundance measurements for a total of 102 giant stars, including 82 stars in 24 open clusters and 20 Cepheids, based on high-resolution near-infrared spectra obtained with GIANO-B. Evolution of phosphorus abundance, despite its astrophysical and biological significance, remains poorly understood due to a scarcity of observational data. By combining precise stellar parameters from the optical, a robust line selection and measurement method, we measure phosphorus abundances using available P I lines. Our analysis confirms a declining trend in [P/Fe] with increasing [Fe/H] around solar metallicity for clusters and Cepheids, consistent with previous studies. We also report a [P/Fe]-age relation among open clusters older than 1 Gyr, indicating a time-dependent enrichment pattern. Such pattern can be explained by the different stellar formation history of their parental gas, with more efficient stellar formation in the gas of older clusters (thus with higher phosphorus abundances). [P/Fe] shows a flat trend among cepheids and clusters younger than 1 Gyr (along with three Cepheids inside open clusters), possibly hinting at the phosphorus contribution from the previous-generation low-mass stars. Such trend suggests that the young clusters share a nearly common chemical history, with a mild increase in phosphorus production by low-mass stars.

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Mingjie Jian, Xiaoting Fu, Valentina D'Orazi, Angela Bragaglia, S. Bijavara Seshashayana, He Zhao, Ziyi Guo, Karin Lind, Noriyuki Matsunaga, Antonino Nunnari, Giuseppe Bono, Nicoletta Sanna, Donatella Romano, Marina Dal Ponte. 2025-10-16. Stellar population astrophysics (SPA) with the TNG. The Phosphorus abundance on the young side of MilkyWay. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.14791

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