On the Diameter of Arrangements of Topological Disks

Abstract

Let $\mathcal{D}=\{D_0,\ldots,D_{n-1}\}$ be a set of $n$ topological disks in the plane and let $\mathcal{A} := \mathcal{A}(\mathcal{D})$ be the arrangement induced by $\mathcal{D}$. For two disks $D_i,D_j\in\mathcal{D}$, let $Δ_{ij}$ be the number of connected components of $D_i\cap D_j$, and let $Δ:= \max_{i,j} Δ_{ij}$. We show that the diameter of $\mathcal{G}^*$, the dual graph of $\mathcal{A}$, can be bounded as a function of $n$ and $Δ$. Thus, any two points in the plane can be connected by a Jordan curve that crosses the disk boundaries a number of times bounded by a function of $n$ and $Δ$. In particular, for the case of two disks, we prove that the diameter of $\mathcal{G}^*$ is at most $\max\{2,2Δ\}$ and this bound is tight. For the general case of $n>2$ disks, we show that the diameter of $\mathcal{G}^*$ is $O(n^3 2^n Δ)$. We achieve this by proving that the number of maximal faces in $\mathcal{A}$ -- faces whose ply is more than the ply of their neighboring faces -- is $O(n^2 2^n Δ)$. To this end, we first show that the number of maximum faces -- faces whose ply is $n$ -- is $O(n^2Δ)$; the latter bound, which is of independent interest, is tight in the worst case.