Search arXiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2510.18735

Designing a Circular Economy Network for PPE Masks Supply Chain: A Case Study of British Columbia, Canada

Jainil Dharmil Shah·Behrooz Khorshidvand·Niloofar Gilani Larimi·Adel Guitouni
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

In recent years, there has been growing interest in building closed-loop supply chains (SCs). However, many of the current methods struggle when it comes to fully embracing circular economy principles. Enhancing the design and management of these networks holds significant potential to promote stronger collaboration among supply chain partners, ultimately fostering more sustainable and efficient operational practices. For this purpose, this study addresses a new circular economy model based on a real case study of a mask SC in the healthcare sector in British Columbia, Canada. The objective is to show that implementing circular practices can lead to considerable financial and environmental benefits, as well as the creation of new job opportunities. To achieve this, a multi-objective mixed-integer linear programming model is developed to identify the most efficient trade-off among sustainable objectives, while adhering to imposed constraints. The proposed closed-loop SC model outperforms the existing linear model in all three aspects of sustainability, namely economic, environmental and social. The improvement leads to significant economic and environmental benefits by preventing the disposal of used masks, giving them a second chance for disinfection and reprocessing, and reintroducing them into the SC as new ones. While the results of the circular economy model demonstrate profit gains and environmental recovery, the linear SC model showed negative profit with higher carbon emissions. Regarding the social aspects, compared to the current system, our approach not only nearly doubles the number of jobs created but also significantly reduces shortages, highlighting sustainable development aspects related to equity and social welfare. The findings offer valuable insights for researchers and practitioners seeking to implement sustainability within a circular economy framework in SCs.

Explore related subjects

math.OCstat.AP

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Jainil Dharmil Shah, Behrooz Khorshidvand, Niloofar Gilani Larimi, Adel Guitouni. 2025-10-21. Designing a Circular Economy Network for PPE Masks Supply Chain: A Case Study of British Columbia, Canada. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.18735

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Dynamic Programming-Compatible Uncertainty Sets in Robust Markov Decision Processes

In this paper, we investigate the compatibility of robust Markov Decision Processes (RMDPs) with dynamic programming under various assumptions on the uncertainty set, i.e., we investigate when one can solve an RMDP by solving a fixed point equation. We show that in all generality, s-rectangular and sa-rectangular uncertainty sets are the only models of uncertainty that are compatible with dynamic programming. Our analysis shows that existing non-rectangular models, including r-rectangularity, are only weakly compatible with dynamic programming, as they require the assumption that rewards do not depend on the next state. In this case, our results imply that one can always construct a rectangular uncertainty set that is equivalent, for both policy evaluation and optimization, to the dynamic programming-compatible non-rectangular model. This highlights a key limitation: dynamic-programming-compatible non-rectangular uncertainty sets, although practically relevant for uncertainty quantification, do not provide a genuinely distinct assessment of policy performance. Interestingly, our proof techniques rely on identifying a novel simultaneous solvability property, which we show is central to several important properties of RMDPs, including the existence of stationary optimal policies and dynamic programming-based formulations. The simultaneous solvability property enables a unified approach to studying all existing models of uncertainty, rectangular and non-rectangular alike.

math.OC↗
arXiv2026

A simple and practical adaptive trust-region method

We present an adaptive trust-region method for unconstrained optimization that allows inexact solutions to the trust-region subproblems. Our method is a simple variant of the classical trust-region method of Ssorensen. The method achieves the best possible convergence bound up to an additive logarithmic term for finding an $ε$-approximate stationary point, i.e., $O( Δ_f L^{1/2} ε^{-3/2}) + \tilde{O}(1)$ iterations, where $L$ is the Lipschitz constant of the Hessian, $Δ_f$ is the optimality gap, and $ε$ is the termination tolerance for the gradient norm. This improves over existing trust-region methods whose worst-case bound is at least a factor of $L$ worse. We compare our performance with state-of-the-art trust-region (TRU) and cubic regularization (ARC) methods from the GALAHAD library on the CUTEst benchmark problems with at least 100 variables. We also compare with the recently developed Universal trust-region (UTR) method, using the same subproblem solver. In terms of shifted geometric mean of wall-clock times our method's is between $1.2\times$ and $2\times$ faster. We report similar improvements for number of function evaluations, factorizations, gradient evaluations and Hessian evaluations. Compared to the conference version of this paper, our revised method includes several practical enhancements. These modifications dramatically improved performance, including almost an order of magnitude reduction in the shifted geometric mean of wall-clock times. We also show that it suffices for the function to be continuously twice-differentiable to guarantee that either the minimum gradient norm converges to zero or the objective value tends towards negative infinity, even when the iterates diverge.

math.OC↗
arXiv2026

Rough Stochastic Pontryagin Maximum Principle and an Indirect Shooting Method

We derive first-order Pontryagin optimality conditions for stochastic optimal control with deterministic controls for systems modeled by rough differential equations (RDE) driven by Gaussian rough paths. This Pontryagin Maximum Principle (PMP) applies to systems following stochastic differential equations (SDE) driven by Brownian motion, yet it does not rely on forward-backward SDEs and involves the same Hamiltonian as the deterministic PMP. The proof consists of first deriving various integrable error bounds for solutions to nonlinear and linear RDEs by leveraging recent results on Gaussian rough paths. The PMP then follows using standard techniques based on needle-like variations. As an application, we propose the first indirect shooting method for nonlinear stochastic optimal control and show that it converges 10x faster than a direct method on a stabilization task.

math.OC↗