A new look at perfect simulation for chains with infinite memory

Emilio De Santis; Kádmo Laxa; Eva Löcherbach

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arXiv · 2510.24996

A new look at perfect simulation for chains with infinite memory

Emilio De Santis·Kádmo Laxa·Eva Löcherbach

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Abstract

In this article we introduce two new perfect simulation algorithms for chains with infinite memory. Both algorithms belong to the coupling of past procedures. The novelty of our approach is that it allows to include unknown states to the possible past symbols such that we can also deal with sparsely distributed past dependencies. In our first algorithm, spontaneous occurrence of symbols is possible. This means that there is a positive probability that the chain chooses the next symbol independently of the past. Our second algorithm deals with the case in which spontaneous occurrence of symbols is not possible. Chains with infinite memory are discrete-time stochastic processes in which the distribution of the next symbol depends on all past symbols. These transition probabilities are described by a probability kernel. Our results give conditions on the way the dependency of the transition kernel on long past strings decays, guaranteeing that our algorithms stop after a finite number of steps almost surely. Strengthening these conditions, we show that the mean number of steps of our algorithms is finite. We discuss the consequence of having a coupling from the past algorithm with such properties and we present examples in which our results can be applied while others result in the literature cannot be applied.

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Emilio De Santis, Kádmo Laxa, Eva Löcherbach. 2025-10-28. A new look at perfect simulation for chains with infinite memory. https://arxiv.org/abs/2510.24996

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