A Radial and Tangential Framework for Studying Transient Reactivity in Two-Dimensional Systems

Abstract

Even if a linear system of ordinary differential equations has a globally attracting equilibrium at the origin, small disturbances from the equilibrium may lead to large transient excursions before the system stabilizes. This counter-intuitive phenomenon of transient amplification is called reactivity and is often associated with systems that are non-normal. Here, we establish a new framework for analyzing reactivity and transient dynamics in two-dimensional linear ODEs. Our work is facilitated by decomposing the corresponding vector field into sinusoidal radial and tangential components. Using this decomposition, we introduce a structure of orthovectors and orthovalues as dual to the eigenstructure. Since diagonalization masks transient reactivity, we combine the eigenstructure and the orthostructure to propose alternative matrix forms which capture both transient and asymptotic behavior and which highlight reactivity features more directly. Leveraging these matrix forms, we analytically quantify the maximal amplification in globally attracting systems, and we provide new insight into how a nonautonomous linear system can be unstable, even when all the frozen-time systems are stable.