RIS-Enabled UAV Communications and Sensing: Opportunities, Challenges, and Key Technologies

Abstract

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) play a pivotal role in the emerging low-altitude economy. However, they face significant challenges in achieving reliable network coverage during transit operations. This paper provides an in-depth investigation into the characteristics and challenges of communication networks tailored for UAVs. First, we outline typical operational scenarios, traffic patterns, and a dual-layer heterogeneous network topology. This topology is essential for enabling three-dimensional continuous coverage and ensuring seamless network coexistence between UAVs and other network entities. Moreover, the paper delves into the channel characteristics and specific challenges faced by UAV Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) networks. It highlights the limitations of traditional Active Phased Array Antenna (APAA)-based networks, particularly regarding cost, complexity, and site deployment constraints. We then introduce Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS)-assisted networks as a promising solution for enhancing UAV signal coverage. The key technical features of RIS are discussed, including design principles, antenna tilt configurations, new beam types, and beam tracking mechanisms. In addition, we examine the impact of highfrequency bands and their absorption peaks on signal attenuation. The paper further explores network architecture designs aimed at improving UAV signal coverage, facilitating network coexistence, and supporting RIS-enhanced UAV sensing. Field trial results evaluating the effectiveness of RIS in improving UAV coverage are presented. Finally, we outline future technological trends and highlight potential advancements to further optimize UAV communication systems. We also emphasize the importance of engineering implementation and standardization efforts in RIS-based UAV-ISAC networks.