A Critical Analysis of Affirmative Action and Academic Performance: A Response to the Preprint Authored by Matheus et al. (2025)

Abstract

This article offers a critical response to the preprint by Matheus et al. (2025), which evaluates the academic performance of students admitted through different entry routes at Sao Paulo State University. Although the dataset compiled by the authors is valuable, their analysis contains conceptual, methodological, and historical limitations that undermine the validity of their conclusions. We argue that the preprint misinterprets the purpose of Brazil's affirmative action policy, which is intended to ensure equitable access rather than equalize academic performance at the point of university entry. Early performance differences among universal system, public school, and racial-quota students reflect longstanding inequalities in Brazil's basic education system. Furthermore, the preprint generalizes findings basically from only three undergraduate programs (Physics, Biology, and Pedagogy) to represent entire academic domains (STEM, Biological Sciences, and Humanities), an extrapolation that reduces the reliability of its conclusions. Overall, we contend that early performance differences indicate structural educational inequality, not policy failure. Affirmative action fulfills its mandate by guaranteeing access, while universities bear the responsibility for providing equitable conditions for academic progression.