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arXiv · 2512.02937

Transient rebellions in the Kuramoto oscillator: Morse-Smale structural stability and connection graphs of finite 2-shift type

Jia-Yuan Dai·Bernold Fiedler·Alejandro López-Nieto
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Abstract

The celebrated 1975 Kuramoto model of $N$ identical oscillators with phase angle vector $\boldsymbol{\vartheta}=(\vartheta_1,\ldots,\vartheta_N)$ and all-to-all coupling reads \begin{equation} \label{*} \dot\vartheta_j\,=\tfrac{1}{N}\sum_{k=1}^N \sin(\vartheta_k-\vartheta_j). \tag{*} \end{equation} Here we have passed to co-rotating coordinates in normalized time scale. The model is highly accessible to rigorous mathematical analysis, and has been studied as a paradigm for effects like total and partial synchronization. Most initial conditions $\boldsymbol{\vartheta}$ lead to total synchronization. The plethora of $2^N-1$ (circles of) partially synchronized states, however, is unstable. The precise behavior of transitions to synchrony seems to have eluded description. In the present paper, we address this gap. By the gradient structure of (*), the global dynamics decompose into equilibria and heteroclinic orbits between them. Except for the extremes of total instability and total synchrony, all equilibria are 2-cluster solutions: their phase angles $\vartheta_j$ attain only two values, with a phase difference of $π$ between them. Any heteroclinic orbit between 2-cluster equilibria, or towards synchrony, can be realized as a 3-cluster rebellion. Cluster rebellions split the smaller, "slim", minority cluster of the source equilibrium and send the rebellious part to join the bigger, "fat", majority cluster. Heteroclinic transversality identifies the Kuramoto model as a structurally stable Morse-Smale system. In particular, heteroclinic orbits can be concatenated in finite time. The options involved in successive cluster rebellions amount to finite symbol sequences of 2-shift type. The paper is dedicated to Professor Yoshiki Kuramoto, with admiration.

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Jia-Yuan Dai, Bernold Fiedler, Alejandro López-Nieto. 2025-12-02. Transient rebellions in the Kuramoto oscillator: Morse-Smale structural stability and connection graphs of finite 2-shift type. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.02937

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