Accelerating high-order energy-stable discontinous Galerkin solver using auto-differentiation and neural networks

Abstract

High-order Discontinuous Galerkin Spectral Element Methods (DGSEM) provide excellent accuracy for complex flow simulations, but their computational cost increases sharply with higher polynomial orders. %that provide very accurate solutions. To alleviate these limitations, this work presents a differentiable DG solver coupled with neural networks (NNs) that learn corrective forcing terms to correct low-order simulations and provide high-order accuracy. The solver's full differentiability enables gradient-based optimization and interactive (solver-in-the-loop) training, mitigating the data-shift problem typically encountered in static, offline learning. Two representative test cases are considered: the one-dimensional viscous Burgers' equation and two-dimensional decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence (DHIT). The results demonstrate that interactive training with extended unrolling horizons substantially improves the precision and long-term stability of the simulation compared to static training. For the Burgers' equation, a $\mathbb{P}_2$ simulation corrected using a NN-correction achieves the accuracy of a $\mathbb{P}_4$ solution with eight times reduction in computational cost. For the DHIT case, the NN-corrected low-order simulations successfully achieve high-order accuracy while reduce the error beyond the training interval. These results highlight the potential of differentiable solvers combined with neural networks as a robust and efficient framework for accelerating high-fidelity DG-based fluid simulations.