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arXiv · 2512.11659

Thermodynamics of Black Holes, far from Equilibrium

Abhay Ashtekar·Daniel E. Paraizo·Jonathan Shu
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Abstract

As in thermodynamics, the celebrated first law of black hole mechanics relates infinitesimal changes in the properties of nearby equilibrium states of black holes (without reference to any physical process that causes the transition). Using dynamical horizon segments (DHSs), we extend the first law to encompass black holes that can be arbitrarily far from equilibrium. It now refers to \emph{finite} changes that occur due to \emph{physical processes}. This extension, together with the generalized second law on DHSs \cite{Ashtekar:2003hk}, naturally lead one to identify entropy of dynamical BHs with the area DHSs.

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Abhay Ashtekar, Daniel E. Paraizo, Jonathan Shu. 2026-05-24. Thermodynamics of Black Holes, far from Equilibrium. https://doi.org/10.1103/3c1r-v8f1

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