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arXiv · 2512.12101

AI-Augmented Pollen Recognition in Optical and Holographic Microscopy for Veterinary Imaging

Swarn S. Warshaneyan·Maksims Ivanovs·Blaž Cugmas·Inese Bērziņa·Laura Goldberga·Mindaugas Tamosiunas·Roberts Kadiķis
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Abstract

We present a comprehensive study on fully automated pollen recognition across both conventional optical and digital in-line holographic microscopy (DIHM) images of sample slides. Visually recognizing pollen in unreconstructed holographic images remains challenging due to speckle noise, twin-image artifacts and substantial divergence from bright-field appearances. We establish the performance baseline by training YOLOv8s for object detection and MobileNetV3L for classification on a dual-modality dataset of automatically annotated optical and affinely aligned DIHM images. On optical data, detection mAP50 reaches 91.3% and classification accuracy reaches 97%, whereas on DIHM data, we achieve only 8.15% for detection mAP50 and 50% for classification accuracy. Expanding the bounding boxes of pollens in DIHM images over those acquired in aligned optical images achieves 13.3% for detection mAP50 and 54% for classification accuracy. To improve object detection in DIHM images, we employ a Wasserstein GAN with spectral normalization (WGAN-SN) to create synthetic DIHM images, yielding an FID score of 58.246. Mixing real-world and synthetic data at the 1.0 : 1.5 ratio for DIHM images improves object detection up to 15.4%. These results demonstrate that GAN-based augmentation can reduce the performance divide, bringing fully automated DIHM workflows for veterinary imaging a small but important step closer to practice.

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Swarn S. Warshaneyan, Maksims Ivanovs, Blaž Cugmas, Inese Bērziņa, Laura Goldberga, Mindaugas Tamosiunas, Roberts Kadiķis. 2025-12-13. AI-Augmented Pollen Recognition in Optical and Holographic Microscopy for Veterinary Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11760-026-05293-7

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