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arXiv · 2512.17097

An Interpretable Latent Space reveals changing dynamics of European heatwaves

Tamara Happé·Jasper Wijnands·Paolo Scussolini·Peter Pfleiderer·Dim Coumou
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Abstract

Due to climate change, heatwaves are becoming more frequent and intense, with western Europe experiencing the strongest trends in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. Part of the temperature trends are caused by circulation changes, which are not accurately captured in climate models. Here we deploy Deep Learning techniques to classify European heatwaves based on their atmospheric circulation and to study their associated changes over time. We use a Variational Autoencoder (VAE) to reduce the dimensionality of the heatwave samples, after which we cluster them on their extraced features. The VAE is trained on large ensemble climate model simulations and we show that the VAE generalizes well to observed heatwave circulations in ERA5 reanalysis, without the need for transfer learning. The circulation features relevant for heatwaves in ERA5 are consistent with the climate model heatwaves. Regression analysis reveals that the Atlantic Plume type of heatwaves are becoming more frequent over time, while the Atlantic High heatwaves are becoming less frequent. We introduce new and straightforward interpretability methods to study the latent space, including feature importance identification and changes over time. We investigate which circulation features are associated with the most important nodes in the latent space and how the latent space changes over time. For example, we find that the Atlantic Low heatwave shows a deepening of the low pressure system off the Atlantic coast over time. Each heatwave type is undergoing unique changes in their circulation, highlighting the necessity to study each heatwave type separately. Our method can furthermore be used to boost specific aspects of extreme events, and we illustrate how heatwave circulation could change in the future if the current trends persist, with in some cases an intensification of features.

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Tamara Happé, Jasper Wijnands, Paolo Scussolini, Peter Pfleiderer, Dim Coumou. 2025-12-18. An Interpretable Latent Space reveals changing dynamics of European heatwaves. https://arxiv.org/abs/2512.17097

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