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arXiv · 2512.17539

Constraining black hole spin in PG 1535+547 amidst complex multi-layered absorption

A. Madathil-Pottayil·D. J. Walton·Jiachen Jiang·T. Dauser·Andrew Fabian·D. Stern·Luigi C. Gallo·Mark T. Reynolds·Emanuele Nardini·Javier A. Garcia
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Abstract

We present a spectroscopic analysis of XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations of the 'complex' NLS1 PG 1535+547 at redshift $z=0.038$. These observations span three epochs: 2002 and 2006 with XMM-Newton alone, covering the $0.3-10$ keV energy range, and a coordinated XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observation in 2016, covering the $0.3-60$ keV energy range. The X-ray spectra across all epochs exhibit both neutral and ionized absorption, along with reflection features from the accretion disc, including a prominent Compton hump in the broadband data. Notably, the spectral shape varies across epochs. Our analysis suggests this variability is attributed to changes in both line-of-sight absorption and the intrinsic emission from PG 1535+547. The source is obscured by multiple layers of partially and/or fully covering neutral and ionized absorbers, with neutral column densities ranging from undetectable levels in the least obscured phase to $\sim0.3-5\times10^{23}\mathrm{cm^{-2}}$ in the most obscured phase. A clear warm absorber is revealed during the least obscured phase. The continuum remains fairly consistent ($Γ\approx 2.2\pm0.1$) during the first two observations, followed by a substantial flux decrease (by a factor of $\sim7$ in the $2-10$ keV band) in 2016 compared to 2006. The 2016 data indicates the source is in a reflection-dominated state during this epoch, with a reflection fraction of $R>7$ and an X-ray source located at a height $\leq 1.72r_g$. Simultaneous fitting of the multi-epoch data suggests a rapidly rotating black hole with a spin parameter, $a>0.99$. These findings imply that strong light-bending effects may account for the observed continuum flux reduction.

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A. Madathil-Pottayil, D. J. Walton, Jiachen Jiang, T. Dauser, Andrew Fabian, D. Stern, Luigi C. Gallo, Mark T. Reynolds, Emanuele Nardini, Javier A. Garcia. 2026-01-27. Constraining black hole spin in PG 1535+547 amidst complex multi-layered absorption. https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras%2Fstag157

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