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arXiv · 2601.01158

A System Architecture for Low Latency Multiprogramming Quantum Computing

Yilun Zhao·Yu Chen·Kaiyan Chang·He Li·Bing Li·Yinhe Han·Ying Wang
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Abstract

As quantum systems scale, multiprogramming quantum computing (MPQC) provides a practical way to improve device utilization and throughput. However, because quantum executables are device-dependent, non-portable across qubit regions, and highly susceptible to noise and crosstalk, current MPQC pipelines rely on expensive online compilation to co-optimize concurrently running programs. This online step dominates runtime and impedes low-latency deployments for practical, real-world workloads in the future, such as repeatedly invoked quantum neural network (QNN) services. We present FLAMENCO, a fidelity-aware multi-version compilation system that enables independent offline compilation and low-latency multiprogramming at runtime. \textbf{At the architecture level}, the system abstracts devices into compute units to reduce the search space of region allocation. \textbf{At compile time}, it generates diverse executable versions for each program---each bound to a distinct qubit region---allowing dynamic region selection at runtime and overcoming non-portability. \textbf{At runtime}, it employs a lightweight orchestrator that uses post-compilation fidelity metrics to avoid conflicts and mitigate crosstalk, supporting conflict-free co-execution without online co-optimization. Evaluations show that FLAMENCO achieves over 5$\times$ runtime speedup in post-scheduling execution while maintaining comparable execution fidelity on common-success workloads. When integrated into existing scheduler-coupled systems, it raises workload-level conflict-free orchestration ratio from 0.183 to 1.000 for HyperQ and from 0.050 to 0.400 for QOS.

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Yilun Zhao, Yu Chen, Kaiyan Chang, He Li, Bing Li, Yinhe Han, Ying Wang. 2026-09-18. A System Architecture for Low Latency Multiprogramming Quantum Computing. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.01158

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