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arXiv · 2601.06237

Data-Dependent Goal Modeling for ML-Enabled Law Enforcement Systems

Dalal Alrajeh·Vesna Nowack·Patrick Benjamin·Katie Thomas·William Hobson·Carolina Gutierrez Muñoz·Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis·Juliane A. Kloess·Jessica Woodhams·Daniel Butler·Mark Law·Ralph Morton·Benjamin Costello·Amy Burrell·Tim Grant·Prachiben Shah·Frances Laureano de Leon·Mark Lee
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Abstract

Investigating serious crimes is inherently complex and resource-constrained. Law enforcement agencies (LEAs) grapple with overwhelming volumes of offender and incident data, making effective suspect identification difficult. Although machine learning (ML)-enabled systems have been explored to support LEAs, several have failed in practice. This highlights the need to align system behavior with stakeholder goals early in development, motivating the use of Goal-Oriented Requirements Engineering (GORE). This paper reports our experience applying the GORE framework KAOS to designing an ML-enabled system for identifying suspects in online child sexual abuse. We describe how KAOS supported early requirements elaboration, including goal refinement, object modeling, agent assignment, and operationalization. A key finding is the central role of data elicitation: data requirements constrain refinement choices and candidate agents while influencing how goals are linked, operationalized, and satisfied. Conversely, goal elaboration and agent assignment shape data quality expectations and collection needs. Our experience highlights the iterative, bidirectional dependencies between goals, data, and ML performance. We contribute a reference model for integrating GORE with data-driven system development, and identify gaps in KAOS, particularly the need for explicit support for data elicitation and quality management. These insights inform future extensions of KAOS and, more broadly, the application of formal GORE methods to ML-enabled systems for high-stakes societal contexts.

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Dalal Alrajeh, Vesna Nowack, Patrick Benjamin, Katie Thomas, William Hobson, Carolina Gutierrez Muñoz, Catherine Hamilton-Giachritsis, Juliane A. Kloess, Jessica Woodhams, Daniel Butler, Mark Law, Ralph Morton, Benjamin Costello, Amy Burrell, Tim Grant, Prachiben Shah, Frances Laureano de Leon, Mark Lee. 2026-01-09. Data-Dependent Goal Modeling for ML-Enabled Law Enforcement Systems. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.06237

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