COMPOSE: Hypergraph Cover Optimization for Multi-view 3D Human Pose Estimation

Abstract

3D human pose estimation from sparse multi-view camera rigs is an essential task for numerous applications, including action recognition, sports analysis, and human-robot interaction. While learned methods dominate the field on benchmarks, they require large annotated datasets; training-free optimization-based methods remain promising as they circumvent 3D supervision by solving a correspondence problem across views from 2D detections. Existing combinatorial formulations rely on pairwise associations to model this correspondence problem and enforce global consistency across views only as a downstream constraint. However, reconciling locally plausible pairwise matches becomes brittle under occlusion and noisy detections, where local errors propagate globally. We propose COMPOSE, which recasts multi-view 3D human pose estimation as a weighted exact-cover optimization over a hypergraph of person hypotheses. Our formulation replaces pairwise association and post-hoc consistency enforcement with a single global combinatorial objective. To address the exponentially large candidate space, we introduce a geometric pruning strategy alongside two complementary solvers: an exact Integer Linear Programming formulation and a scalable relaxation via Belief Propagation. Without any 3D supervision, COMPOSE improves average precision by up to 31 points over the best optimization-based method and 13 points over self-supervised learned methods, demonstrating the effectiveness of higher-order combinatorial association for training-free multi-view 3D human pose estimation.