Large-Scale Label Quality Assessment for Medical Segmentation via a Vision-Language Judge and Synthetic Data

Yixiong Chen; Zongwei Zhou; Wenxuan Li; Alan Yuille

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arXiv · 2601.14406

Large-Scale Label Quality Assessment for Medical Segmentation via a Vision-Language Judge and Synthetic Data

Yixiong Chen·Zongwei Zhou·Wenxuan Li·Alan Yuille

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Abstract

Large-scale medical segmentation datasets often combine manual and pseudo-labels of uneven quality, which can compromise training and evaluation. Low-quality labels may hamper performance and make the model training less robust. To address this issue, we propose SegAE (Segmentation Assessment Engine), a lightweight vision-language model (VLM) that automatically predicts label quality across 142 anatomical structures. Trained on over four million image-label pairs with quality scores, SegAE achieves a high correlation coefficient of 0.902 with ground-truth Dice similarity and evaluates a 3D mask in 0.06s. SegAE shows several practical benefits: (I) Our analysis reveals widespread low-quality labeling across public datasets; (II) SegAE improves data efficiency and training performance in active and semi-supervised learning, reducing dataset annotation cost by one-third and quality-checking time by 70% per label. This tool provides a simple and effective solution for quality control in large-scale medical segmentation datasets. The dataset, model weights, and codes are released at https://github.com/Schuture/SegAE.

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Yixiong Chen, Zongwei Zhou, Wenxuan Li, Alan Yuille. 2026-01-20. Large-Scale Label Quality Assessment for Medical Segmentation via a Vision-Language Judge and Synthetic Data. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.14406

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