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arXiv · 2601.21914

Joint Laser Inter-Satellite Link Matching and Traffic Flow Routing in LEO Mega-Constellations via Lagrangian Duality

Zhouyou Gu·Jinho Choi·Jihong Park
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Abstract

Low Earth orbit (LEO) mega-constellations greatly extend the coverage and resilience of future wireless systems. Within the mega-constellations, laser inter-satellite links (LISLs) enable high-capacity, long-range connectivity. Existing LISL schemes often overlook mechanical limitations of laser communication terminals (LCTs) and non-uniform global traffic profiles caused by uneven user and gateway distributions, leading to suboptimal throughput and underused LCTs/LISLs -- especially when each satellite carries only a few LCTs. This paper investigates the joint optimization of LCT connections and traffic routing to maximize the constellation throughput, considering the realistic LCT mechanics and a snapshot-level spatial traffic profile. We show that the resulting per-snapshot formulation is a mixed-integer program coupling LCT connections with flow-rate variables under link capacity constraints, and the associated fixed-snapshot abstract decision problem is NP-hard. Due to its intractability, we resort to relaxing the coupling constraints via Lagrangian duality, decomposing the problem into a weighted graph-matching for LCT connections, weighted shortest-path routing tasks, and a linear program for rate allocation. Here, Lagrange multipliers reflect congestion weights between satellites, jointly guiding the matching, routing, and rate allocation. Subgradient descent optimizes the multipliers, with proven convergence. Simulations using real-world constellation and terrestrial data show that our methods substantially improve network throughput by up to $35\%$--$145\%$ over existing non-joint approaches.

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Zhouyou Gu, Jinho Choi, Jihong Park. 2026-07-25. Joint Laser Inter-Satellite Link Matching and Traffic Flow Routing in LEO Mega-Constellations via Lagrangian Duality. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.21914

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