Investigating particle acceleration in the Wolf-Rayet bubble NGC 2359

Abstract

Massive stars have been proposed as candidates to be major factories of Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). However, this claim lacks enough empirical evidence, especially for isolated stars. The powerful stellar winds from massive stars impact the ambient medium producing strong shocks suitable for accelerating relativistic particles. The detection of non-thermal emission-particularly synchrotron emission in low radio frequencies-serves as a key proof of particle acceleration sites. We aim to assess the potential of isolated massive stars as sources of GCRs. We observed the Wolf-Rayet bubble, NGC 2359, using the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope at Band 3 (250-500 MHz) and Band 4 (550-950 MHz). Additionally, we used complementary archival radio datasets at different frequencies to derive the broad spectral energy distribution (SED) for several regions within the bubble. To further characterize the interaction between the stellar wind and the ambient medium, we introduced a composite SED model including synchrotron and free-free emission, and two low-frequency turnover processes, the Razin-Tsytovich (RT) effect and free-free absorption (FFA).We used a Bayesian inference approach to fit the SEDs and constrain the electron number density and magnetic field strength. The SEDs of several regions reveal spectral indices steeper than -0.5, indicative of synchrotron emission. and show a turnover below ~1 GHz. Our SED modelling suggests that the observed turnover is primarily caused by the RT effect, with a minor contribution from internal FFA. Our analysis confirms the presence of synchrotron radiation within NGC 2359. This is the second detection of non-thermal emission in a stellar bubble surrounding a WR star, reinforcing the idea that such environments are sites of relativistic particle acceleration and supporting the hypothesis that isolated massive stars are sources of GCRs of at least GeV energies.