Search arXiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2602.09032

Predicting Neutron Attenuation from Bulk Density and Moisture for Soil Carbon Measurement

William Larsen·Valerie Smykalov·Cristina Castanha·Eoin Brodie·Mauricio Ayllon Unzueta·Bernhard Ludewigt·Arun Persaud
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) enables rapid, non-destructive in situ measurements of soil elemental composition over large soil volumes. Standard INS yields bulk elemental concentrations, but spatially resolved measurements require techniques such as Associated Particle Imaging (API), which pairs neutron detection with coincident alpha detection to reconstruct the location of the neutron interaction. One of the unique advantages of API is its capability to measure all major soil components simultaneously, allowing for the estimation of both bulk density and water content directly from the measured neutron-induced gamma-ray spectra. Accurate interpretation of bulk INS-API data depends on correcting for both gamma-ray and neutron attenuation in soil. Although gamma attenuation can be calculated from known mass attenuation coefficient data and density, neutron attenuation is more complex, depending on neutron energy, soil composition, bulk density, and hydrogen content from water and organic matter. We use Monte Carlo simulations of soils with varied compositions, bulk densities, and water contents to model neutron attenuation and develop a simple predictive model requiring only dry bulk density and volumetric water content. We validate this model experimentally using an INS-API system with controlled soil columns, finding agreement within 10 percent at 30 cm depth. This approach enables practical, field-ready correction of INS-API measurements for neutron attenuation, laying the groundwork for a self-consistent measurement framework that can address the elemental composition of soil carbon assessments.

Explore related subjects

physics.geo-phphysics.ins-det

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

William Larsen, Valerie Smykalov, Cristina Castanha, Eoin Brodie, Mauricio Ayllon Unzueta, Bernhard Ludewigt, Arun Persaud. 2026-01-29. Predicting Neutron Attenuation from Bulk Density and Moisture for Soil Carbon Measurement. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.09032

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Predicting the Elastic Properties of a Cemented Granular Material during Chemical Damage (Debonding)

While underground reservoirs emerge as essential elements to face global warming, these systems represent complex multi-physical and multiscale problems. The considered injection of fluids during hydrogen storage, carbon dioxide sequestration, or geothermal energy recovery involves a modification of the chemical equilibrium of the fluid in the porous reservoir. Chemical reactions can induce microstructural changes of the rock matrix, leading to a reduction of elastic properties of the material, and to potential settlement or stress redistribution. Consequently, it becomes pivotal to establish predictive behavior laws to describe the effect of chemical damage on elastic properties. Facing the difficulties to estimate experimentally the impact of chemical damage on mechanical properties, a Digital Rock Physics approach is proposed in this contribution. This numerical homogenization scheme is used to compare two distinct types of microstructure models: the first one consists in a Discrete Element Model, while the second one employs a continuous description. This continuous formulation is based on a Phase-Field description to predict the evolution of the microstructure subjected to chemical alterations and on the Fast Fourier Transform to estimate the macroscopic properties of the material. Finally, these frameworks establish different softening laws that can be used as constitutive ingredients for a cemented material during its weathering.

physics.geo-ph↗
arXiv2026

Determination of Physical Height Differences from Time Transfer via the ACES Mission -- A Simulation Study

The determination of physical height differences using highly stable atomic clocks has emerged as a novel approach in relativistic geodesy, exploiting the gravitational redshift as a direct observable of geopotential differences. In this study, we investigate the feasibility of satellite-based clock comparisons using the Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) onboard the International Space Station, which enables time transfer via microwave (MWL) and optical (ELT) links. Since operational optical data are not yet available, a comprehensive full-scale simulation of realistic ACES observation scenarios is performed, including detailed noise models of clocks and links. A slope-based estimation method is applied to time series of clock comparisons in order to extract the relativistic redshift signal and derive height differences between the ground stations. The performance of the approach is evaluated for quasi-common view, non-common view, and split non-common view configurations, where the latter divides the observation period into shorter intervals. The results show that optical links enable faster convergence and can achieve height accuracies at the decimeter level within a few days and at the centimeter level over longer periods, while microwave links are more strongly affected by noise and bias contributions. Non-common view processing significantly increases observation availability with only minor loss in accuracy, and the split approach provides robust solutions for larger networks. These findings demonstrate the strong potential of satellite-based clock comparisons as a remote-sensing technique for determining physical height differences on a continental scale.

physics.geo-ph↗
arXiv2026

Sensitivity of neutrino oscillations to the Earth's interior properties

Understanding the Earth s internal structure remains a major challenge, as traditional geophysical methods face ambiguities in linking seismic observations to temperature, composition, or mass density variations. Atmospheric neutrinos offer a complementary probe: while traversing the Earth, they undergo flavor oscillations that depend on the local electron density, which reflects both mass density and composition.

physics.geo-ph↗