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arXiv · 2602.09639

Blind denoising diffusion models and the blessings of dimensionality

Zahra Kadkhodaie·Aram-Alexandre Pooladian·Sinho Chewi·Eero Simoncelli
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Abstract

Denoising diffusion models (DDMs) are state-of-the-art methods for learning densities from data across numerous domains, yet many aspects of the training and sampling pipeline remain poorly understood. In particular, noise conditioning requires practitioners to incorporate contrived unprincipled noise embeddings into neural network architectures and to use ad hoc noise schedules for sampling. To address these drawbacks, we provide a complete theory for \emph{blind denoising diffusion models} (BDDMs): a variant of DDMs where the noise amplitude is not passed into the neural network during training or sampling, obviating the need for the aforementioned design choices. We justify the correctness of BDDMs as a sampling algorithm under an assumption of low intrinsic dimensionality of the underlying data distribution relative to the ambient dimension. This assumption arises through the introduction of the Bayesian problem of estimating noise levels from a single noisy sample, which might be of independent interest. We empirically compare the performance of BDDMs to standard DDMs, showcasing the benefits of an \emph{adaptive} scheme which is rigorously justified by our analysis.

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Zahra Kadkhodaie, Aram-Alexandre Pooladian, Sinho Chewi, Eero Simoncelli. 2026-06-09. Blind denoising diffusion models and the blessings of dimensionality. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.09639

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