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arXiv · 2602.10949

Optimal Initialization in Depth: Lyapunov Initialization and Limit Theorems for Deep Leaky ReLU Networks

Constantin Kogler·Tassilo Schwarz·Samuel Kittle
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Abstract

Effective initialization in deep networks requires an understanding of random neural networks. In this work, a rigorous probabilistic analysis of deep bias-free random Leaky ReLU networks is provided. We prove a Law of Large Numbers and a Central Limit Theorem for the logarithm of the norm of network activations, establishing that, as the number of layers increases, their growth is governed by a parameter called the Lyapunov exponent. This parameter characterizes a sharp phase transition between vanishing and exploding activations, and we calculate the Lyapunov exponent explicitly for Gaussian or orthogonal weight matrices. Our results reveal that standard methods, such as He initialization or orthogonal initialization, do not guarantee activation stability for deep networks of low width. Based on these theoretical insights, we propose a novel initialization method, referred to as Lyapunov initialization, which sets the Lyapunov exponent to zero and thereby ensures that the neural network is as stable as possible, leading empirically to improved learning.

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Constantin Kogler, Tassilo Schwarz, Samuel Kittle. 2026-06-02. Optimal Initialization in Depth: Lyapunov Initialization and Limit Theorems for Deep Leaky ReLU Networks. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.10949

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