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arXiv · 2602.11457

The Pinnacle Architecture: Reducing the cost of breaking RSA-2048 to 100 000 physical qubits using quantum LDPC codes

Paul Webster·Lucas Berent·Omprakash Chandra·Evan T. Hockings·Nouédyn Baspin·Felix Thomsen·Samuel C. Smith·Lawrence Z. Cohen
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Abstract

The realisation of utility-scale quantum computing inextricably depends on the design of practical, low-overhead fault-tolerant architectures. We introduce the Pinnacle Architecture, which uses quantum low-density parity check (QLDPC) codes to allow for universal, fault-tolerant quantum computation with a spacetime overhead significantly smaller than that of any competing architecture. With this architecture, we show that 2048-bit RSA integers can be factored with fewer than one hundred thousand physical qubits, given a physical error rate of $10^{-3}$, code cycle time of $1$ microsecond and a reaction time of $10$ microseconds. We thereby demonstrate the feasibility of utility-scale quantum computing with an order of magnitude fewer physical qubits than has previously been believed necessary.

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Paul Webster, Lucas Berent, Omprakash Chandra, Evan T. Hockings, Nouédyn Baspin, Felix Thomsen, Samuel C. Smith, Lawrence Z. Cohen. 2026-05-05. The Pinnacle Architecture: Reducing the cost of breaking RSA-2048 to 100 000 physical qubits using quantum LDPC codes. https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.11457

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