k-Mutual Visibility in Graphs

Abstract

In this paper, we introduce the notion of $k$-mutual visibility, a relaxation of classical mutual visibility in which every pair of selected vertices is joined by a shortest path containing at most $k$ internal vertices of the selected set. This parameterized concept naturally generalizes classical mutual visibility and provides a graded notion of obstruction tolerance. We define the $k$-mutual visibility number $μ_k(G)$ and establish its fundamental properties. We derive bounds on $μ_k(G)$ in terms of graph parameters such as diameter and girth, and determine its exact value for several fundamental graph classes. We further investigate $k$-mutual visibility in convex subgraphs and characterize it in block graphs by introducing the notion of $k$-admissible sets in the associated block-cutpoint tree. We present a polynomial-time algorithm, kMV, that recognizes whether a given subset $S\subseteq V(G)$ is a $k$-mutual visibility set of $G$. We also formulate the $k$-Mutual Visibility decision problem and prove that it is NP-complete. Finally, we define the $k$-mutual visibility covering number $τ_k(G)$ and establish several of its fundamental properties.