RG-Invariant Symmetry Ratio for QCD: A Study of $U(1)_A$ and Chiral Symmetry Restoration

Abstract

We introduce a renormalization-group-invariant (RGI), scheme-independent symmetry ratio $κ_{AB}$, for the quantitative characterization of symmetry breaking in QCD. As a first application, we employ $κ_{AB}$ to investigate the relative strength of $SU(2)_L \times SU(2)_R$ chiral symmetry and $U(1)_A$ axial symmetry breaking in $N_f=2+1+1$ lattice QCD using optimal domain-wall fermions at the physical point. Our study covers three lattice spacings and twelve temperatures in the range 164--385~MeV. We examine three independent symmetry-breaking channels in the nonsinglet sector with quark-connected correlators: the $U(1)_A$-sensitive scalar--pseudoscalar channel ($κ_{PS}$), probing the $π$--$δ$ system; the $SU(2)_L \times SU(2)_R$-sensitive vector--axial-vector channel ($κ_{VA}$), probing the $ρ$--$a_1$ system; and an additional $U(1)_A$-sensitive tensor vector--axial-tensor vector channel ($κ_{TX}$), probing the $ρ_T$--$b_1$ system. At finite lattice spacing, we observe a clear hierarchy $κ_{PS} > κ_{VA} > κ_{TX}$. A controlled continuum extrapolation reveals that this hierarchy collapses, with all three symmetry-breaking strengths becoming statistically indistinguishable within our precision. This result provides a new, model-independent benchmark from a chirally symmetric lattice action. Our findings indicate that in the continuum limit the $SU(2)_L \times SU(2)_R$ and $U(1)_A$ channels in the nonsinglet sector reach degeneracy at the same temperature, already at the lowest simulated point of $164$~MeV, so that the two symmetries restore concurrently near the chiral crossover rather than at parametrically separated scales.