Asymptotic normality for general subtree counts in conditioned Galton--Watson trees

Abstract

Let $\mathcal{T}$ denote a Galton--Watson tree with offspring distribution $ξ$ satisfying $\mathbb{E}(ξ) = 1$, and let $\mathcal{T}_n$ be the Galton--Watson tree conditioned to have exactly $n$ nodes. We show that, under a mild moment condition on $ξ$, the number of occurrences of a fixed rooted plane tree $\mathbf{t}$ as a general subtree in $\mathcal{T}_n$ is asymptotically normal as $n \to \infty$, with both mean and variance linear in $n$. In addition, we prove that this limiting distribution is nondegenerate except for some special cases where the variance remains bounded. These results confirm a conjecture of Janson in recent work on the same topic. Finally, we present examples showing that if the proposed moment condition on $ξ$ is violated, the conclusion may fail.