Weak-Coupling Limit of the Lattice Nonlinear Schrödinger Integral Equation

Abstract

We study the ground-state integral equation of the quantum lattice nonlinear Schrödinger model, equivalently the isotropic Heisenberg XXX chain at spin $s = -1$, whose solution is the root density on a Fermi interval. In the weak-coupling limit the equation is doubly singular: the driving term and the kernel collapse onto delta functions, and the solution separates into three regions on three scales, an inner peak, the bulk of the Fermi sea, and a boundary layer at the band edge. We treat the singular structure probabilistically. We identify both the kernel and the driving term as the Cauchy density, in such a way that the root density corresponds to the Green kernel of a Cauchy random walk killed on leaving the Fermi sea. Consequently, the three regions are then the potential kernel, the interval exit law, and the ascending-ladder renewal function of that walk. This construction determines the logarithmic growth of the central density and the digamma form of the inner profile, whose Fourier-space solution is the Bose--Einstein distribution. In the bulk, the density approaches the Green function of the half-Laplacian, while the Wiener--Hopf factorisation fixes the edge behaviour and identifies a candidate scale for non-perturbative corrections. The analysis also yields closed asymptotic expressions for the total density and the ground-state energy. Nyström solutions over a broad range of Fermi rapidities confirm the three-region asymptotic description.