Central Dogma Transformer III: Interpretable AI Across DNA, RNA, and Protein

Abstract

Biological AI models increasingly predict complex cellular responses, yet their learned representations remain disconnected from the molecular processes they aim to capture. We present CDT-III, which extends mechanism-oriented AI across the full central dogma: DNA, RNA, and protein. Its two-stage Virtual Cell Embedder architecture mirrors the spatial compartmentalization of the cell: VCE-N models transcription in the nucleus and VCE-C models translation in the cytosol. On five held-out genes, CDT-III achieves per-gene RNA r=0.843 and protein r=0.969. Adding protein prediction improves RNA performance (r=0.804 to 0.843), demonstrating that downstream tasks regularize upstream representations. Protein supervision sharpens DNA-level interpretability, increasing CTCF enrichment by 30%. Analysis of experimentally measured mRNA and protein responses reveals that the majority of genes with observable mRNA changes show opposite protein-level changes (66.7% at |log2FC|>0.01, rising to 87.5% at |log2FC|>0.02), exposing a fundamental limitation of RNA-only perturbation models. Despite this pervasive direction discordance, CDT-III correctly predicts both mRNA and protein responses. Applied to in silico CD52 knockdown approximating Alemtuzumab, the model predicts 29/29 protein changes correctly and rediscovers 5 of 7 known clinical side effects without clinical data. Gradient-based side effect profiling requires only unperturbed baseline data (r=0.939), enabling screening of all 2,361 genes without new experiments.