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arXiv · 2603.25489

Translation Asymmetry in LLMs as a Data Augmentation Factor: A Case Study for 6 Romansh Language Varieties

Jannis Vamvas·Ignacio Pérez Prat·Angela Heldstab·Dominic P. Fischer·Sina Ahmadi·Rico Sennrich
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Abstract

Recent strategies for low-resource machine translation rely on LLMs to generate synthetic data based on text in higher-resource languages. We revisit this idea for Romansh, a language with 6 distinct varieties. LLMs tend to confuse these varieties when translating into Romansh, but they are quite good at translating out of Romansh into a high-resource language such as German. Due to this asymmetry, the direction of data augmentation is a crucial choice. We find that contrary to recent strategies, creating synthetic translations into the higher-resource language is the superior approach, and only this approach allows us to surpass a Gemini 3 Pro baseline on German-Romansh translation (+23 BLEU over Gemini in the lowest-resource variety). A human evaluation confirms that our experiments yield the first model that generates fluent translations in the individual Romansh varieties.

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Jannis Vamvas, Ignacio Pérez Prat, Angela Heldstab, Dominic P. Fischer, Sina Ahmadi, Rico Sennrich. 2026-08-27. Translation Asymmetry in LLMs as a Data Augmentation Factor: A Case Study for 6 Romansh Language Varieties. https://arxiv.org/abs/2603.25489

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