Search arXiv⌕ Search
Home/Archive/arXiv

arXiv · 2603.27698

Ink Detection from Surface Topography of the Herculaneum Papyri

Giorgio Angelotti·Federica Nicolardi·Paul Henderson·W. Brent Seales
View original source ↗Read source document ↗Export metadata ↓

Abstract

Reading the Herculaneum papyri is challenging because both the scrolls and the ink, which is carbon-based, are carbonized. In X-ray radiography and tomography, ink detection typically relies on density- or composition-driven contrast, but carbon ink on carbonized papyrus provides little attenuation contrast. Building on the morphological hypothesis, we show that the surface morphology of written regions contains enough signal to distinguish ink from papyrus. To this end, we train machine learning models on three-dimensional optical profilometry from mechanically opened Herculaneum papyri to separate inked and uninked areas. We further quantify how lateral sampling governs learnability and how a native-resolution model behaves on coarsened inputs. We show that high-resolution topography alone contains a usable signal for ink detection. Diminishing segmentation performance with decreasing lateral resolution provides insight into the characteristic spatial scales that must be resolved on our dataset to exploit the morphological signal. These findings inform spatial resolution targets for morphology-based reading of closed scrolls through X-ray tomography.

Explore related subjects

cs.CVcs.DL

Keep this discovery

Explore connections, maps & timelines

BibTeXRIS

Giorgio Angelotti, Federica Nicolardi, Paul Henderson, W. Brent Seales. 2026-03-29. Ink Detection from Surface Topography of the Herculaneum Papyri. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-58467-1

Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.

KEEP EXPLORING

Related papers

arXiv2026

Privacy Leakage on DNNs: A Survey of Model Inversion Attacks and Defenses

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have revolutionized various domains with their exceptional performance across numerous applications. However, Model Inversion (MI) attacks, which disclose private information about the training dataset by abusing access to the trained models, have emerged as a formidable privacy threat. Given a trained network, these attacks enable adversaries to reconstruct high-fidelity data that closely aligns with the private training samples, posing significant privacy concerns. Despite the rapid advances in the field, we lack a comprehensive and systematic overview of existing MI attacks and defenses. To fill this gap, this paper thoroughly investigates this realm and presents a holistic survey. Firstly, our work briefly reviews early MI studies on traditional machine learning scenarios. We then elaborately analyze and compare numerous recent attacks and defenses on Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) across multiple modalities and learning tasks. By meticulously analyzing their distinctive features, we summarize and classify these methods into different categories and provide a novel taxonomy. Finally, this paper discusses promising research directions and presents potential solutions to open issues. To facilitate further study on MI attacks and defenses, we have implemented an open-source model inversion toolbox on GitHub (https://github.com/ffhibnese/Model-Inversion-Attack-ToolBox).

cs.CV↗
arXiv2026

ALINA: Advanced Line Identification and Notation Algorithm

Labels are the cornerstone of supervised machine learning algorithms. Most visual recognition methods are fully supervised, using bounding boxes or pixel-wise segmentations for object localization. Traditional labeling methods, such as crowd-sourcing, are prohibitive due to cost, data privacy, amount of time, and potential errors on large datasets. To address these issues, we propose a novel annotation framework, Advanced Line Identification and Notation Algorithm (ALINA), which can be used for labeling taxiway datasets that consist of different camera perspectives and variable weather attributes (sunny and cloudy). Additionally, the CIRCular threshoLd pixEl Discovery And Traversal (CIRCLEDAT) algorithm has been proposed, which is an integral step in determining the pixels corresponding to taxiway line markings. Once the pixels are identified, ALINA generates corresponding pixel coordinate annotations on the frame. Using this approach, 60,249 frames from the taxiway dataset, AssistTaxi have been labeled. To evaluate the performance, a context-based edge map (CBEM) set was generated manually based on edge features and connectivity. The detection rate after testing the annotated labels with the CBEM set was recorded as 98.45%, attesting its dependability and effectiveness.

cs.CV↗
arXiv2026

DisasterInsight: A Building-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Vision--Language Models in Disaster Response

Vision--language models (VLMs) show promise for disaster-response remote sensing, but existing benchmarks mainly emphasize scene-level or damage-centric assessment. To study this building-centric gap, we introduce \method{}, a diagnostic benchmark built on xBD, a pre/post-disaster satellite dataset with building-level damage labels. \method{} enriches building instances with OpenStreetMap-derived functional labels and contains 134{,}108 task-specific instruction records across 15 task types, spanning instance-level assessment, scene-level counting, multi-instance reasoning, and structured report generation. The benchmark supports RGB pre/post-disaster imagery, single- and multi-view instance formulations, and scene-level RGB/SAR diagnostic inputs. Experiments with general-domain and remote-sensing VLMs show that models perform better on visible damage cues than on building-function understanding, multi-instance reasoning, counting, and grounded reporting. Instruction tuning improves performance on several tasks but does not close this building-centric gap.

cs.CV↗