Breaking Data Symmetry is Needed For Generalization in Feature Learning Kernels

Marcel Tomàs Bernal; Neil Rohit Mallinar; Mikhail Belkin

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arXiv · 2604.00316

Breaking Data Symmetry is Needed For Generalization in Feature Learning Kernels

Marcel Tomàs Bernal·Neil Rohit Mallinar·Mikhail Belkin

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Abstract

Grokking occurs when a model achieves high training accuracy but generalization to unseen test points happens long after that. This phenomenon was initially observed on a class of algebraic problems, such as learning modular arithmetic (Power et al., 2022). We study grokking on algebraic tasks in a class of feature learning kernels via the Recursive Feature Machine (RFM) algorithm (Radhakrishnan et al., 2024), which iteratively updates feature matrices through the Average Gradient Outer Product (AGOP) of an estimator in order to learn task-relevant features. Our main experimental finding is that generalization occurs only when a certain symmetry in the training set is broken. Furthermore, we empirically show that RFM generalizes by recovering the underlying invariance group action inherent in the data. We find that the learned feature matrices encode specific elements of the invariance group, explaining the dependence of generalization on symmetry.

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BibTeX RIS

Marcel Tomàs Bernal, Neil Rohit Mallinar, Mikhail Belkin. 2026-06-24. Breaking Data Symmetry is Needed For Generalization in Feature Learning Kernels. https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.00316

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