Revisiting Conservativeness in Fluid Dynamics: Failure of Non-Conservative PINNs and a Path-Integral Remedy

Abstract

The choice between conservative and non-conservative formulations is a fundamental dilemma in CFD. While non-conservative forms offer intuitive modeling in primitive variables, they typically produce erroneous shock speeds. This paper critically analyzes these formulations, contrasting classical failures against the capabilities of Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs). Using the Adaptive Weight and Viscosity (PINNs-AWV) architecture, we evaluate cases ranging from shallow water equations to unsteady 1D and 2D Euler equations. Results reveal a significant dichotomy: while PINNs-AWV restores physical fidelity in scalar and steady systems, standard non-conservative PINNs fail in unsteady systems like the Sod shock tube. We demonstrate this failure stems from non-vanishing source terms introduced by viscous regularization, which violate the Rankine--Hugoniot jump conditions. To resolve this, we implement a path-integral framework based on Dal Maso--LeFloch--Murat (DLM) theory. By incorporating path-consistent losses in PINNs (PI-PINN) and using path-conservative numerical schemes, we successfully recover correct shock speeds within non-conservative frameworks. Our results prove the path-integral approach provides a rigorous mathematical bridge for physical accuracy in both classical and machine learning solvers, enabling primitive-variable formulations in transient, high-speed simulations.