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arXiv · 2604.15440

Probing the large-scale structure with 21cm-galaxy cross-bispectrum: Estimates from simulations and forecasts for upcoming cosmological surveys

Leon Noble·Suman Majumdar·Matteo Viel·Fabio Fontanot·Gabriella De Lucia·Abinash Kumar Shaw·Marta Spinelli·Mohd Kamran·Lizhi Xie·Michaela Hirschmann
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Abstract

The redshifted 21cm signal from the post-reionization epoch is highly non-Gaussian; thus, higher-order statistics, such as the bispectrum, are required to extract this non-Gaussian information. However, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) detection of the 21cm auto-bispectrum will be hindered by the presence of residual systematics. Cross-correlating the 21cm signal with galaxies offers a promising path to suppress this uncertainty from residual systematics and potentially increase the SNR. We present a comprehensive analysis of the HI-galaxy cross-bispectrum using the predictions of theoretical galaxy evolution models defined on large cosmological volumes. Our analysis includes the cross-bispectrum for different triangle sizes and shapes, as well as for different combinations of the HI and galaxy fields. We forecast the detectability of the 21cm-galaxy cross-bispectrum at redshift $z\approx1$ with the Euclid-like galaxy survey and SKA-Mid observations in both interferometric and single-dish modes of the survey. We find that the 21cm-galaxy cross-bispectrum shows enhanced detectability compared to the 21cm auto-bispectrum for all unique triangles in the interferometric mode of observations. We forecast a 10$σ$ detection of the cross-bispectrum for squeezed-limit triangles and a 100$σ$ detection for all shapes combined for scales $0.2~\text{Mpc}^{-1}\leq k_1 \leq 0.9~\text{Mpc}^{-1}$ with 100 hours of SKA-Mid observations per pointing. However, the detectability of the cross-bispectrum for large scales ($k_1 < 0.1~\text{Mpc}^{-1}$), which is accessible with the single-dish mode of the survey, is limited by cosmic variance. Additionally, the signal loss due to foreground removal further suppresses the detectability. Our analysis presents a first step toward an end-to-end analysis pipeline for the future 21cm-galaxy cross-bispectrum observations.

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Leon Noble, Suman Majumdar, Matteo Viel, Fabio Fontanot, Gabriella De Lucia, Abinash Kumar Shaw, Marta Spinelli, Mohd Kamran, Lizhi Xie, Michaela Hirschmann. 2026-07-16. Probing the large-scale structure with 21cm-galaxy cross-bispectrum: Estimates from simulations and forecasts for upcoming cosmological surveys. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357%2Fae78d5

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