An Analysis of Attack Vectors Against FIDO2 Authentication

Abstract

Phishing attacks remain one of the most prevalent threats to online security, with the Anti-Phishing Working Group reporting over 890,000 attacks in Q3 2025 alone. Traditional password-based authentication is particularly vulnerable to such attacks, prompting the development of more secure alternatives. This paper examines passkeys, also known as FIDO2, which claim to provide phishing-resistant authentication through asymmetric cryptography. In this approach, a private key is stored on a user's device, the authenticator, while the server stores the corresponding public key. During authentication, the server generates a challenge that the user signs with the private key; the server then verifies the signature and establishes a session. We present passkey workflows and review state-of-the-art attack vectors from related work alongside newly identified approaches. Two attacks are implemented and evaluated: the Infected Authenticator attack, which generates attacker-known keys on a corrupted authenticator, and the Authenticator Deception attack, which spoofs a target website by modifying the browser's certificate authority store, installing a valid certificate, and intercepting user traffic. An attacker relays a legitimate challenge from the real server to a user, who signs it, allowing the attacker to authenticate as the victim. Our results demonstrate that successful attacks on passkeys require substantial effort and resources. The claim that passkeys are phishing-resistant largely holds true, significantly raising the bar compared to traditional password-based authentication.