The Tracking Tapered Gridded Estimator for the 21-cm power spectrum from the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) drift scan observations -- III. Improved upper limits at $z = 8.2$ from multiple pointings

Abstract

We analyze zenith-pointing $(δ=-26.7^{\circ})$ Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) $ν_c=154.2 \,{\rm MHz}$ drift scan observations covering $349.0^{\circ} \le α\le 70.0^{\circ}$ with 163 pointing centers (PCs) spaced by $0.5^{\circ}$. We measure $D_{\ell}$, the mean-squared angular brightness temperature fluctuations, as a function of $α$. A broad peak at $α\approx 50.0^{\circ}$ corresponds to the bright extended source Fornax~A in the main lobe of the primary beam. A smaller peak at $α\approx 5.0^{\circ}$ possibly corresponds to Fornax~A in the first sidelobe. For $α\leq 22.0^{\circ}$ and $\ell \ge 200$, we find $D_{\ell} \propto \ell^2$, which we interpret as Poisson fluctuations from point sources. We present $Δ^2(k)$, the mean-squared 21-cm brightness temperature fluctuations from the Epoch of Reionization, as a function of $α$. Fornax~A causes strong contamination near $α\approx 50.5^{\circ}$, elsewhere several PCs are consistent with noise. The range $358.5^{\circ} \leq α\leq 11.5^{\circ}$ is relatively foreground-free and best suited for EoR science. The PC at $α= 11.0^{\circ}$ yields the best $2σ$ upper limit $Δ^{2}_{\rm UL}(k) = (173.13)^{2}\,{\rm mK^{2}}$ at $k = 0.161\,{\rm Mpc^{-1}}$. We incoherently combine $23$ PCs to obtain $Δ_{\rm UL}^2(k)=(98.67)^{2}\,{\rm mK}^{2}$ at $k=0.156\,{\rm Mpc}^{-1}$. This is the tightest upper limit from the MWA, being $\approx3$ times lower than earlier MWA limits at $z = 8.2$, but $\approx2$ and $\approx21$ times higher than the LOFAR and HERA limits, respectively, and $\approx3$ orders of magnitude above theoretical predictions.