Injecting Distributional Awareness into MLLMs via Reinforcement Learning for Deep Imbalanced Regression

Yao Du; Shanshan Song; Xiaomeng Li

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arXiv · 2605.01402

Injecting Distributional Awareness into MLLMs via Reinforcement Learning for Deep Imbalanced Regression

Yao Du·Shanshan Song·Xiaomeng Li

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Abstract

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) struggle with numerical regression under long-tailed target distributions. Token-level supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and point-wise regression rewards bias learning toward high-density regions, leading to regression-to-the-mean behavior and poor tail performance. We identify the lack of cross-sample relational supervision as a key limitation of existing MLLM training paradigms. To address it, we propose a distribution-aware reinforcement learning framework based on Group Relative Policy Optimization, which introduces batch-level comparison-based supervision via the Concordance Correlation Coefficient-based reward to align predicted and ground-truth distributions in terms of correlation, scale, and mean. The framework is plug-and-play, requiring no architectural modification. Experiments on a unified suite of long-tailed regression benchmarks show consistent improvements over SFT and existing MLLM regression methods, with particularly strong gains in medium- and few-shot regimes.

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Yao Du, Shanshan Song, Xiaomeng Li. 2026-05-11. Injecting Distributional Awareness into MLLMs via Reinforcement Learning for Deep Imbalanced Regression. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.01402

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