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arXiv · 2605.03124

Nowhere Left to Hide: Uncovering All of the Massive Young Embedded Star Clusters in the Antennae with JWST

Rupali Chandar·Miranda Caputo·Paul Goudfrooij·Sean T. Linden·Angus Mok·Cory Whitcomb·Grant Donnelly·Florent Renaud·John-David T. Smith·Alberto Bolatto·Danny A. Dale·Sara Duval·Lindsey Hands·Ralf Klessen·Caroline Kuczek·Karin Sandstrom·Eva Schinnerer·Fabian Walter
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Abstract

The Antennae galaxies merger produces the brightest infrared emission of any galaxy within ~20 Mpc, mostly from intense star formation taking place in supergiant molecular cloud complexes in the overlap region. Here, we present new, high-resolution NIRCam and MIRI images of the Antennae galaxies taken with the F150W, F187N, F335M, F360M, F410M, and F770W filters on JWST to search for the predicted but as-yet-undiscovered population of deeply embedded, optically obscured star clusters. We identify a population of 45 sources, 40 previously unknown, with high Bralpha/Halpha and Paalpha/Halpha flux ratios which are likely very young clusters still embedded or just emerging from their natal cocoons, and estimate their age, extinction (A_V), and mass. We find that all are extremely young (< 2.5 Myr), have A_V between 2 and 10 mag, and masses between ~ 10^4 and several x 10^6~Msun. We believe we have now uncovered all clusters with M > 3 x 10^4 Msun and A_V > 2 mag in the Antennae. While our sample represents a small fraction(~15%) of clusters younger than 3~Myr by number, it dominates the ionizing photon luminosity across the galaxy pair (~60%). We find elevated H_2/PAH ratios of the ISM surrounding the most massive pair of embedded clusters, supporting the idea that merger-induced shock-heated gas play an important role in the formation of extremely massive clusters.

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Rupali Chandar, Miranda Caputo, Paul Goudfrooij, Sean T. Linden, Angus Mok, Cory Whitcomb, Grant Donnelly, Florent Renaud, John-David T. Smith, Alberto Bolatto, Danny A. Dale, Sara Duval, Lindsey Hands, Ralf Klessen, Caroline Kuczek, Karin Sandstrom, Eva Schinnerer, Fabian Walter. 2026-05-04. Nowhere Left to Hide: Uncovering All of the Massive Young Embedded Star Clusters in the Antennae with JWST. https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357%2Fae56e8

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