Minimax estimation of Functional Principal Components from noisy discretized functional data: the case of smooth processes

Abstract

We study the minimax estimation of covariance eigenfunctions and eigenvalues in functional principal component analysis when $n$ trajectories are observed at $p$ common grid points with additive noise. We consider covariance kernels with arbitrary Hölder smoothness and no prescribed parametric decay of the eigenvalues. In this setting, kernel smoothness and local spectral separation play distinct roles: a minimax inconsistency result over the smoothness-only class shows that kernel regularity alone is not sufficient for minimax-consistent eigenfunction estimation. To capture this interplay, we introduce a class of processes that jointly controls the Hölder smoothness of the covariance kernel and a local relative inverse eigengap quantity at the target index $\ell$. Over this class, we derive non-asymptotic minimax lower bounds for eigenfunction estimation that disentangle sampling variability, discretization and spectral effects, revealing rates of order $δ_\ell n^{-1}+p^{-2α}$, where $δ_\ell$ quantifies the spectral difficulty. We also obtain non-asymptotic lower bounds for eigenvalue estimation under a relative squared-error loss. We then construct a computable wavelet projection estimator based on Coiflet scaling functions and a quadrature scheme designed to accommodate arbitrary Hölder smoothness. For eigenfunction estimation, this estimator matches the minimax dependence on the sample size and grid resolution, up to the natural spectral factor, for any Hölder index $α>0$. Finally, we show that the proposed framework covers several classical Gaussian processes and Karhunen--Loève constructions. In particular, a Karhunen--Loève based criterion links spectral decay, eigenfunction regularity and covariance-kernel smoothness, and yields controlled simulation settings illustrating the predicted phase transitions and least-favourable discretization effects.