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arXiv · 2605.22914

No Blue without Red: Evolutionary Properties of Super-Early Galaxies

A. Ferrara·G. Rodighiero·S. Carniani·Z. Zhang·M. Kohandel·B. Das
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Abstract

The discovery of numerous luminous, super-early galaxies at $z>10$ by JWST has revealed a striking diversity in their ultraviolet (UV) properties, ranging from extremely blue, dust-poor systems to a smaller population of significantly reddened sources. We investigate the physical origin of this diversity within the framework of the Attenuation-Free Model (AFM), in which radiation-driven outflows redistribute dust to large galactic radii, reducing the effective attenuation. Applying the model to a sample of 32 spectroscopically confirmed super-early galaxies, we derive their key physical properties, including halo mass, star formation efficiency, metallicity, and outflow extent. We find that these systems reside in massive halos ($\log M/M_\odot \sim 10.7$) and exhibit moderate ($0.01 \lesssim ε_* \lesssim 0.05$) star formation efficiencies, while frequently reaching super-Eddington conditions that trigger powerful outflows. Within this framework, we propose an evolutionary sequence in which galaxies transition from a dust-obscured ``Red Monster'' phase to a UV-bright ``Blue Monster'' phase as outflows clear their central regions. The recently confirmed red galaxy EGS-z11-R0 at $z=11.45$ is naturally interpreted as a system observed during this obscured phase. Compact ($r_e \lesssim 150$ pc) sources are instead difficult to reconcile within AFM; we speculate that their emission is dominated by an AGN. Our results provide a unified interpretation of super-early galaxy properties and highlight the key role of radiation-driven outflows in shaping galaxy evolution at cosmic dawn. Future observations with JWST and ALMA will be essential to test these predictions and further constrain the nature of the earliest galaxies.

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A. Ferrara, G. Rodighiero, S. Carniani, Z. Zhang, M. Kohandel, B. Das. 2026-05-21. No Blue without Red: Evolutionary Properties of Super-Early Galaxies. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.22914

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