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arXiv · 2605.26381

Multi-Modal Building Inspection via Perceiver IO Fusion of Satellite and Street-Level Imagery

Niels Sombekke·Rob G. J. Wijnhoven·Martin R. Oswald
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Abstract

We present a multi-modal classification framework that fuses satellite and street-level imagery through a Perceiver IO architecture operating on spatial patch tokens from a shared DINOv2 backbone. The design naturally handles a variable number of street-level views per building without padding or fixed-size pooling, and jointly predicts multi-label roof element and roof material classes. We construct a large-scale dataset of 32,135 buildings (61,672 segments) spanning ten countries, pairing satellite images with up to eight street-level views per segment and evaluating four masking strategies for isolating the target building. We propose an RGB-M masking strategy that appends the building footprint mask as a fourth input channel, providing a soft spatial prior that outperforms hard cropping across both modalities. The Perceiver IO fusion model improves over all other fusion strategies and yields substantial per-class gains for attributes visible from street level (e.g., +11.3 AP for slate, +1.3 AP for dormers), though the satellite-only baseline retains a slight advantage in macro-averaged mAP for classes that are predominantly visible from above. These results establish a scalable, flexible architecture for multi-modal building inspection that can accommodate heterogeneous inputs and multiple output tasks.

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Niels Sombekke, Rob G. J. Wijnhoven, Martin R. Oswald. 2026-05-25. Multi-Modal Building Inspection via Perceiver IO Fusion of Satellite and Street-Level Imagery. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.26381

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